The Disputed Reign of Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi Essay -- Essays Papers

The Disputed Reign of Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi Authentic record isn't generally an exact portrayal of reality. A case of this would be the long rule of the Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi, in which there were many reports expounded on her life. These archives have been taken and utilized in the creation of various books, particularly among Western history specialists. It was these early antiquarians who have built up the broadly acknowledged point of view that Tz’u-hsi longed for power, mishandled it, and held it utilizing any methods vital. This comprehension is resounded today by creators, for example, W.G. Sebald, creator of The Rings of Saturn. There are numerous contrasts between the records of the Western point of view and that of Sebald’s, yet the general thought of Tz’u-Hsi as a scheming and contemptible Empress is unblemished between the two. All things considered, the examination isn't finished. There happens to be a plenitude of verifiable documentation and sentiment that repudiates the Western vie w on Tz’u-hsi. In the first place, Western records of the significant issues in Tz’u-hsi’s rule will be inspected; following this will be a gander at how inconsistent these sources are by indicating their irregularities, where the contentions originated from, and the various proof supporting an alternate point of view on the incomparable Empress. It is conceivable the Empress was everything that her foes said she was, yet the current proof doesn't bolster picture of an evil Tz’u-hsi. The Western point of view on the Dowager Empress is cruel and W.G. Sebald is maybe the harshest of the entirety of the Western students of history. One of Sebald’s first portrayals of the Empress is that her â€Å"craving for power was insatiable† (Sebald 147). Sebald burns through no time in moving up this case. At the cru... ...istorians like Sebald perceive the vulnerability. Works Cited Dull, J. O. P., and E. Backhouse. China Under the Empress Dowager. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. Chung, Sue Fawn. â€Å"The Much Maligned Empress Dowager : A Revisionist Study of the Empress Dowager Tz’u-his.† Modern Asian Studies. 13 vol. Cambrige UP, 1979. JSTOR. 1 May 2005 < http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X%281979%2913%3A2%3C177%3ATMMEDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U>. Collis, Maurice. The Motherly and Auspicious. New York: G.P. Putnam’s, 1944. Laidler, Keith. The Last Empress. Chichester: John Wiley, 2003. Seagrave, Sterling. Mythical beast Lady. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Sebald, W. G. The Rings of Saturn. Trans. Michael Hulse. London: Harvill, 1995. Vare, Daniele. The Last Empress. Nursery City: Doubleday, Doran, 1938. Warner, Marina. The Dragon Empress. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

Question: How the concentration of acid (HCl) can be determined by titrating it using base (NaOH)? Essay

How the grouping of corrosive (HCl) can be dictated by titrating it utilizing base (NaOH)? Synthetic compounds required: 1-Phenolphthalein (shading pointer). 2-Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) grouping of 0.5 molar. 3-Hydrochloric corrosive (HCl), with obscure fixation. Supplies required: 1-Flask. 2-Pipette (vulnerability à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½0.05cm3). 3-Burette (vulnerability à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½0.05cm3). 4-PH meter. 5-Gloves, sterile garment and plastic eye security. Steps: 1-Add a known volume of HCl utilizing pipette in the jar. 2-Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein in the flagon utilizing the pipette. 3-Shake the flagon until the shading changes to red. 4-Start to include NaOH the HCl, drop by drop. 5-After each drop shake the cup to achieve the blending of the corrosive with the base. 6-Take readings of PH esteem utilizing the PH meter, after each drop. 7-When HCl shading goes to blue, promptly quit including NaOH, this shows the balance point. 8-To be certain that HCl is killed include scarcely any drops of NaOH HCl. 9-Repeat the test to acquire increasingly exact information. Information assortment and handling: The table underneath shows the estimations of PH recorded over the five preliminaries and demonstrates the balance point at a particular volume of NaOH included: (1.0) table shows the information gathered during the preliminaries The following is the table created in the wake of changing the volume of NaOH to the better quantifiable unit, likewise in the wake of including the PH esteems for every volume included of NaOH then partition them by the quantity of preliminaries to come out with the normal PH esteem. (1.1) table indicating the handled information Normal PH esteem 0.0193 13.3 0.0194 13.4 0.0195 13.5 0.0196 13.5 0.0197 13.5 0.0198 13.5 0.0199 13.3 0.0200 07.3 0.0201 01.7 0.0202 01.5 0.0203 01.3 The diagram underneath shows the graphical connection between volume of NaOH included dm^3 versus normal PH esteem: As determined at the balance point which is about equivalent to 7, the volume of NaOH included is around 0.0250 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ (0.0000450) dm^3 To compute the centralization of base, it is generally attractive to utilize the condition beneath: Presently subbing the fixation, likewise volume of the corrosive (HCl) and the volume included of the base (NaOH), at that point: 0.6 Molar End and assessment:- End: †It is presumed that the centralization of HCl in the lab that all the preliminaries happened in is 0.6 Molar. †It is presumed that titration of corrosive utilizing base must be rehashed ordinarily to achieve increasingly exact outcomes. Assessment: †The use of an advanced PH meter may influence the precision of the information, as it produces methodical mistakes. †The volume of phenolphthalein may assume a job on the volume of HCl in the jar. †Concentration of NaOH may not be actually 0.5 molar as there may be polluting influences. †The PH esteem as appeared from the information gathered is changing at a high way close to the balance point; thusly it is difficult to know the exact centralization of NaOH. †Calculating the PH incentive to show the pace of response, isn't exact, in light of the fact that the PH has a logarithmic capacity not a straight capacity, at that point there will be a little change in the PH esteem while there will be huge difference in H+. Upgrades: †Using a computerized instrument to drop precisely 1.0 cm^3 in each drop. †Using a base with essential standard to titrate HCl might be increasingly precise to demonstrate its estimation is focus. †Using a pipette with less vulnerability may help in improving the information gathered. †Using a burette with less vulnerability can decide progressively precise outcomes.

Adolf Hitler :: essays research papers fc

Adolf Hitler’s Early Years Adolf Hitler’s adolescence was not the same as most, however indistinguishable simultaneously. Here you will perceive what went on in his family, what occurred during choice thinking about auxiliary school, and what he did after school before he turned into the man everybody knows. Adolf Hitler was conceived April 20, 1889. Adolf lived with his family on a little homestead outside of Linz, Austria. His mother’s name was Klara. Hitler turned out to be appended to her in his youth. Alois was the name of his dad. His dad was in the Austrian Civil Service. Alois was accustomed to providing orders so he requested a great deal of errands around the ranch for the youngsters. At the point when Hitler was seven, the family gotten off the ranch to Lambach, Austria. To Hitler this implied less tasks and more opportunity for play. There Hitler went to an old Catholic Benedictine Monastery School. He partook in boy’s ensemble and furthermore got along admirably at this school. He had a favorable opinion of the minister and viewed as one for some time. At age nine he was discovered smoking a cigarette by a cleric. He was excused and not rebuffed. His sibling, Alois, Jr., portrayed Hitler as speedy to outrage. He wanted to play Cowboys and Indians when he was yo uthful. This offered approach to fight re-authorizations. Adolf’s younger sibling, Edmund, passed on at 6 years old from the measles. This was the first run through Hitler needed to face a genuine passing rather than the phony ones he sees when he was playing. This appeared to shake him up gravely. His younger sibling was covered in a burial ground directly outside of Hitler’s room. He built up a fantasy to be a craftsman before he entered auxiliary school (1). There were two distinctive optional schools, old style and specialized. Hitler needed to enter the old style school to turn into a craftsman, yet his dad needed him to emulate his example and go to the specialized school. He wound up heading off to the specialized school and didn't do so well. He was kept down his first year. Hitler felt that if his dad would perceive how ineffectively he was doing in specialized school that his dad would permit him to go to the traditional school where he could satisfy his fantasy. This vocation decision brought numerous contentions among Adolf and his dad since his dad felt that turning into a craftsman was ludicrous. Adolf Hitler :: articles explore papers fc Adolf Hitler’s Early Years Adolf Hitler’s youth was not the same as most, however similar simultaneously. Here you will perceive what went on in his family, what occurred during choice thinking about optional school, and what he did after school before he turned into the man everybody knows. Adolf Hitler was conceived April 20, 1889. Adolf lived with his family on a little ranch outside of Linz, Austria. His mother’s name was Klara. Hitler turned out to be exceptionally connected to her in his youth. Alois was the name of his dad. His dad was in the Austrian Civil Service. Alois was accustomed to providing orders so he requested a ton of errands around the homestead for the youngsters. At the point when Hitler was seven, the family gotten off the homestead to Lambach, Austria. To Hitler this implied less errands and more opportunity for play. There Hitler went to an old Catholic Benedictine Monastery School. He partook in boy’s ensemble and furthermore got along nicely at this school. He had a favorable opinion of the minister and viewed as one for some time. At age nine he was found smoking a cigarette by a cleric. He was excused and not rebuffed. His sibling, Alois, Jr., portrayed Hitler as fast to outrage. He wanted to play Cowboys and Indians when he wa s youthful. This offered approach to fight re-authorizations. Adolf’s younger sibling, Edmund, kicked the bucket at 6 years old from the measles. This was the first run through Hitler needed to stand up to a genuine demise rather than the phony ones he sees when he was playing. This appeared to shake him up seriously. His younger sibling was covered in a burial ground directly outside of Hitler’s room. He built up a fantasy to be a craftsman before he entered optional school (1). There were two diverse auxiliary schools, traditional and specialized. Hitler needed to enter the old style school to turn into a craftsman, yet his dad needed him to emulate his example and go to the specialized school. He wound up heading off to the specialized school and didn't do so well. He was kept down his first year. Hitler felt that if his dad would perceive how inadequately he was doing in specialized school that his dad would permit him to go to the old style school where he could satisfy his fantasy. This vocation decision brought numerous contentions among Adolf and his dad since his dad imagined that turning into a craftsman was crazy.

Get To Know More About The Power Of Free Essay Samples

Get To Know More About The Power Of Free Essay SamplesNowadays, you will find lots of recommendations essay samples available online. The materials are all created with the same content and format, which are based on academic experience and academic merit. But the major difference is that they do not merely focus on the subjects and skills needed for the examination.The testimonials of students and the student's answer are also part of these sample letters. That way, you can get a better view of the student's talents and their strengths. In order to present the material in the best possible manner, the template can be customized to the requirement of the university.To get the best, you should use some of the free recommendation essay samples. There are many template companies on the internet who offer the job for free. You can simply download the templates from their website and customize it. With the help of these templates, you can make it into a quality article and send it to the right person at the right time.Do you know that there are hundreds of well-known websites on the internet, who provide you with the essay samples by paying only for the usage? The information provided by the tutorial will come with the contact details of the students for whom the sample letter has been written. This will make it easier for you to contact the students and make it a good day for the students as well. The contact details of the students have been updated for every class or programme that they are involved in.These articles also include the college student's feedback as well. You will get an idea about how the students view the situation and the reason behind their failure.The tutorial service is really helpful because it is provided by the online services, which enable you to place the ads for your school, college or university on the website without having to set up an office or pay for any postage. The tuition fee and other expenses are met by the tutorial service.Th is is one of the reasons why students are opting for online tutorials for different occasions and courses. The services offered online are much cheaper than the offline versions.

The Intruder, A P, And The Bass, The River And Soul

â€Å"Some of the best lessons we ever learn are learned from past mistakes. The error of the past is the wisdom of the future (Dale Turner).† This quote is about the theme of learning from your mistakes which are used commonly in adolescent stories. Our adolescent years is where we experience various lessons which help shape what we think when we are older and without a doubt the lesson of learning from your mistakes is a crucial one and one we all have experienced in our own lives. Some specific stories that incorporate this theme are â€Å"The Intruder†, â€Å"AP†, and â€Å"The bass, The River and Sheila Mant†. In coming of age stories, the authors utilize the lesson of learning from your mistakes. The first story that helps support the thesis†¦show more content†¦I never want to see it again.†(15-16). This quote displays that Kenneth doesn t want to live in his wild imagination anymore and he doesn t want to make the same mistake again. Kenneth throwing the rifle into the creek symbolizes Kenneth learning from his mistakes and him getting rid of the terror that the rifle will now bring him whenever he uses it. â€Å"The Intruder† is a great example of the lesson of learning from your mistakes because in the story Kenneth makes a devastating mistake, he realizes it, he learns from it and most importantly he does something so it won t happen again. The second story that helps support the thesis statement is â€Å"A P†. In this story a boy named Sammy, tries to impress a group of girls by quitting his job as the girls were being kicked out of the store where Sammy works. Sammy shortly after quitting realizes the mistake he has made and how is was going to make his life tougher. One quote that displays this lesson is: â€Å"‘Sammy, you don t want to do this to your Mom and Dad,’ he tells me. It s true, I don t. But it seems to me that once you begin a gesture it s fatal not to go through with it.† This quote shows that Sammy doesn t even want to do what he is doing and he knows it s a mistake, but he continues with it anyways. The quote also claims that this will not only affect him but also his parents. When your actions start affecting others negatively, it feels way worse thanShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393 164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Gender Equality And Gender Discrimination Essay Example For Students

Gender Equality And Gender Discrimination Essay Currently, there is still inequality in pay for men and women during the same job which is an act of gender discrimination in the workplace. Gender discrimination is defined as prejudice or discrimination based on an individual’s gender. Gender equality is attained when individuals are able to access and enjoy equal rewards and opportunities irrespective of their gender. Various countries have made substantial progress concerning gender equality in recent periods. Conversely, women still endure less salary earnings in comparison to men, moreover, women are less likely to advance their careers as far as men are able to. The â€Å"Sex Discrimination Act 1984† gives influence to Australia’s international human rights obligations and promotes equivalence between both men and women. It is against the law to discriminate against any individual in the workplace in the reason of their gender, nonetheless, it still continues to be an issue.The gender pay gap is the variance between men and women’s average weekly full-time equivalent earnings, expressed as a percentage of men’s earnings. The pay gap is influenced by a number of correlated work, family and societal factors. These societal factors include stereotypes about the work women and men should be able to do. Women earn less than men for undertaking jobs of equal value. One of the foremost causes is the way women’s competencies are valued in comparison to men’s. Jobs necessitating similar skills, qualifications or experience tend to be poorly paid and undervalued when they are dominated by women, the appraisal of performance and career progression is also biased in favour of men. Women continue to receive 17.5 percent less in average weekly earnings than men. There has been an exertion of. . tereotyped because of their femininity and are encouraged to do jobs which include staying at home and caring for the kids rather than take higher senior positions in which men are proposed to do. I believe that even though there is a perception that women are less capable compared to men, women are intellectually capable of the high profiles that they are poorly exemplified in. Regarding employability skills, teamwork is essential to be successful as it is a way to contribute to productive working relationships and outcomes. This skill requires working with people of different genders individual. Communication, initiative, planning, leadership and self-management are skills in which apply to both genders. In that case, Men shouldn’t be earning more income than women in Australia today as it should be about competency in the workplace not the gender of an individual.

Two Kinds By Amy Tan Essays - Two Kinds, Chinatown

Two Kinds By Amy Tan Amy Tans' heartbreaking story, ?Two Kinds?, is a powerful example of conflicting personalities and needs that cause a struggle between parent and child. In every family, parents have, at one point, imposed their failures and expectations on their children, and in worse cases have even tried to live through their children. At times, it can be in the best interest of the child to have a parent motivate them in a specific direction, but as in this story it can sometimes backfire, and the child can be left with feelings of disapproval and questions of ?self-worth.? Instead of enforcing these standards parents should let their children be individuals, and have them learn through their own conscious decisions, and only interfere when the child is headed in the wrong direction. Of course, family values and morals should be taught to a child at a young age to prevent any disastrous situations, and help the child determine between right and wrong. Jing-Mei stands for this individualism in the story, and the mother represents that obtrusive unwanted force. Amy Tans' message in this passage is clear. Frequently imposing standards on a person throughout their life can greatly affect their actions, feelings, and attitudes. The major conflict in this story is between Jing-Mei and her mother. Ever since Jing-Mei was a little girl her mother has believed she could be a prodigy. Her mother would watch television or read articles in magazines to get ideas from other amazing children. Then she would test Jing-Mei tirelessly to try and find something she would be best at. At first Jing-Mei seemed to enjoy her mothers intentions, ? In fact in the beginning I was just as excited as my mother, maybe even more so? (386), but as time went on the tests started to get harder and Jing-Mei kept failing repeatedly. After constantly having to see her mothers disappointed face, Jing-Mei's attitude and feelings began to change, ?I hated the tests, the raised hopes and failed expectations.? (387) She began to see a new side of herself; a strong powerful girl with willful thoughts and lots of won'ts, ? I won't let her change me, I promised myself I won't be what I'm not.? (387) So throughout the rest of her life she asserted her right to fall short of her mothers expectations, believing that she could never be anything she wanted to be, she can only be herself. Jing-Mei is the protagonist in this story; we read the story through her eyes and her point of view. She makes herself seem more like a victim of her mother's expectations rather than what she really is, a hurt little girl who does not understand why her mother does not accept her for who she is. Jing-Mei has to deal with both external and internal conflicts. The internal being her feelings of accepting who she is and how she would like to live her life, and the external being her mothers constant pushing of her pseudo images of what she believes Jing-Mei should be. Jing-Mei's upbringing in a society that highly values individualism and autonomy has had a great effect on her feelings and actions. This influence has enabled her to make the decision that she cannot abide by her mother's expectations anymore, and it has helped her stand firmly behind it. The mother is the antagonist in the story; she does not realize what she is doing to her daughter. In her mind she is just helping Jing-Mei to strive for the best, by Jing-Mei opposing her it makes her feel that her daughter is ungrateful and disobedient. This wanting and pushing for the best stems from their current situation, of having little money, and from the mother's past experiences. ?America was where all my mother's hopes lay.? (386) This is the country were she wants her daughter to have a better life than she had. She was born in China where she lost everything: her mother and father, her family home, her first husband, and her twin baby girls. She was not regretful of her past, and she always felt ?things could get better in so many ways.? (386) The loss of her daughters and her belief that you could be anything you want to be in America is a strong example of why she is so persistent in making Jing-Mei become the best she can be. It's like she is taking all her hopes and dreams for three daughters and throwing it all on top of

How to Break Into the Greeting Card Industry

How to Break Into the Greeting Card Industry Making extra income doesnt have to take hours away from your leisure time. In fact, if you have a way with words, you can make as much as $75 in as little as half an hour. The greeting card industry is enormous and boasts billions of dollars in sales annually. Greeting card companies are always on the lookout for the next best idea and pay contributors very well. The pay scale ranges from $75 to $300 for a few heartwarming, romantic or funny lines. This makes greeting card writing one of the best-paid gigs for clever writers.   Anyone who has ever stood in a greeting card aisle and thought, I could write a better card than that, is welcome to send submissions to the dozens of card lines looking for freelance writers. Theres some basics that writers should know before pitching their ideas to card publishers: 1. Artists and writers are hired separately. A writers input on artwork may or not be solicited. Dont send your artwork unless its expressly permitted in the publishers submission guidelines. 2. Shop markets akin to your writing. Blue Mountain Arts creates poetic cards. Smart Alex creates racy humor cards. Peruse the companys current line so that you dont accidentally submit a raunchy birthday card to a devoutly Christian publisher and get yourself blacklisted. 3. Track markets and submissions.   Refrain from simultaneous submissions of card ideas. Feel free to submit rejected content to similar markets once its returned to you. Create a spreadsheet to help you keep track of when and where you sent each submission. Number your card ideas to make them easier to track. 4. Less is more. Writing cards isnt rocket science, but it is a distinct style of writing. Use words sparingly and intentionally. Cards are written in a conversational tone, not glittering Elizabethan prose. You should write greeting cards as if you are talking to your best friend, spouse or grandma, but not at the same time. That may make for an awkward card. 5. Broad approach has greater reach. Not everyone has had a Persian cat named Pocahontas recently pass away. However, there are many people who have recently lost a beloved pet. To those card buyers I send my condolences, because its awful to lose a pet. To card writers, I offer a piece of advice: Keep your ideas broad enough that they appeal to a large market, but narrow enough that they feel genuine to readers. 6. Request writers guidelines or research them online. Each card publisher has distinct tastes and submission preferences. In that way, they are very similar to literary agents and publishers. Take the time to do your homework. Many card publishers post their submission guidelines on their sites. Some will send their guidelines and current needs if you request them. This is the preferred method, because it clues you in to what they are shopping for in their next line. 7. Follow the publishers submission format. Greeting card publishers do not subscribe to a specified submission format. In this way they are akin to literary agents and publishers, but thats where the similarities end. Greeting card submissions are much shorter and far easier to compose than queries. This doesnt mean writers may fling grammatical caution to the wind. Be sure to follow the format so your submission isnt tossed. If the submission guidelines dont specify a format, the one provided below is acceptable: OCCASION: Birthday OUTSIDE TEXT: Place outside text here INSIDE TEXT: Place inside text here OUTSIDE IMAGE SUGGESTION: Place any art ideas here Marilyn Dunroe, mdunroe@gmail.com, 321-321-3321 8. Search for additional markets. Check the backs of the cards being sold in your local chain and specialty stores for publisher info. Most cards are imprints of American Greetings and other large publishers. They occasionally hold contests, but hire staff writers to create their content. Smaller publishers are more apt to accept unsolicited submissions. Card writing is a great way to earn extra income from the comfort of your home for the small sum of your clever quips. Ready to get started? Good. Heres a list of card publishers that accept submissions from freelance writers: Oatmeal Studios: Style: lighthearted humor Blue Mountain Arts: Style: poetic heartfelt verse Calypso Cards: Style: modern, sassy (offers a line of divorce cards) Smart Alex: Style: controversial and crude humor

Black Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black Studies - Essay Example will analyze the case of two â€Å"white† newspapers and one â€Å"black† newspaper as a means of identifying key differentials in the reporting of the same noteworthy incident. For purposes of analysis, an article from all three newspapers, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the New York Amsterdam News will each by discussed and analyzed. The subject matter that has been chosen for analysis between the three newspapers is that of the unveiling of a brand new statue of Rosa Parks within the rotunda of Capitol Hill. Whereas many white individuals have been immortalized by inclusion in the U.S. pantheon as it were, the exhibition of an African American within such austere company was never before realized. As a function of this, the black newspaper which will be analyzed The New York Amsterdam News recently published an article on the internet entitled, â€Å"A Statue of Rosa Parks Unveiled in the Capital Building† which opens by stating the following: â€Å"With a caramel-colored statue of Rosa Parks to his right, President Barack Obama offered a moving tribute to the great civil rights icon in the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday morning† (Boyd 1). This in and of itself is interesting due to the fact that although the other papers which will be discussed are forced to mention the importance that race has to do with the given subject matter, The New York Amsterdam News opens its piece by reaffirming the historic and current overarching importance that an understanding and appreciation of race has. Consequently, the article goes on to re-emphasize the importance of Rosa Park’s statute being the first African American depicted within Capitol Hill has on the national consciousness and the furtherance of the ongoing Civil Rights movement. Only after these topics have been thoroughly discussed does it deviate towards a historical approach to why Rosa Park’s contribution maintains a dominant and relevant role within the current times. In a way, the

Evian Company web-strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evian Company web-strategy - Assignment Example applied in the process of designing a web page for advertising company’s products, together with the method of brands online image has a lot of significances. In this assignment paper, I am going to look at the Evian Company web-strategy as well as considering SOCTAC web strategy model and social marketing as used by the organization. The above two, online image and social marketing can get strategically used by different organizations towards meeting their promotional set goals. Online image of an organization’s brand only refers to the best-identified picture of the product that the company finds to have the ability to capture the markets mind (Laudon & Traver, 2002). For this case, the organization employs some IT experts who create the image of the product to get more attractive towards the targeted population. This will mean that they will take their time to know more about the brand as well as ordering for their purchase. Social marketing refers to a kind of product promotion carried out by a firm, with the primary objective of improving the well-being of the society. Unlike the other marketing conducted by an organization that target for improved company’s sell, social marketing aims at alleviating the social, economic, political, health, ideological and other aspects of the community’s well-being. This is one of the best planning models for conducting marketing since it’s easier to capture as well coming up with structures for some planning activities. It gets best applied where an organization is coming up with an overall marketing strategy as well as boosting a firm’s channeling tactics. SOSTAC entails evaluating the situation; which is the current level the organization holds, objectives; where the company is aiming to find itself, and strategy; the methodology of moving forward (Laudon & Traver, 2002). Others include tactics; the exact process of moving forward, action; the proposed plan, and finally control, determining whether the

United Nation Peacekeeping Essay Example for Free

United Nation Peacekeeping Essay Certain degree of bias indications has to be inevitable among any group of peacekeepers despite of their altruistic intentions. Under the principles of neutrality and impartiality, even United Nation peacekeepers are entitled to experience such biased inclinations during the course of their campaigns. In order to test this hypothesis, the study reviews the acts and campaigns of the Irish peacekeepers serving with UNIFL in Lebanon from 1980 to 2002 for potential indications of biased decisions, activities and empathy, specifically towards the local Lebanese or the Jewish settlers. ii. Problem and its Background By nature, UN Peacekeeping Organization (1948) has been helping in the resolution of existing conflicts among warring countries and/or international feuds. According to Sperling and Kirchner (1997), the UN has been able to alter its image from that of an inactive to an active organization, and the considered major etiology is the agreement among the fiver permanent members of the Security Council in 1987, particularly in using the organization as an intervener of international affairs, conflict and disarmament (p. 62). One of the most significant UN peacekeeping campaigns is the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) that centers on the 1980 conflicts between Israel and Lebanon. UN Peacekeeping ambassadors have been associated to the UNFIL mandating the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanese territory to restore international peace and security in the area. Furthermore, under the UN Security Council Resolution 425, the peacekeeping campaign and UNFIL have provided extensive tasks over Lebanese territory, such as assisting the government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in southern Lebanon, humanitarian assistance, supplies provision (e. g. medical, food, etc. ), and others (Fleitz 2002 54). Despite of the altruistic motives of the peacekeeping organization, UNFIL has encountered tremendous rejection and feud against Israelite, which eventually worsened the UN-Israel relations. According to Pitta and McCouaig (1994), the Irish peace UN ambassadors together with other members of UNIFIL have been associated 1982 Lebanon Wars between Israeli and Palestinian terrorists (Hizballah) within Lebanon (p. 4-5). Hence, instead of becoming peace ambassadors, UNIFIL members are caught in the middle of Israeli-Palestinian feud, while their Israeli-Lebanese goal of withdrawal has become entirely complex, which eventually resulted in the damage of UN relationships among Lebanese and Israeli groups. iii. Aims of the Study The primary task of the discussion is to obtain indications illustrating bias or non-partial indicators among Irish peacekeeping forces and UNIFIL members during the campaigns on Israel-Lebanon settlements. The study examines the sides of four parties involved, (1) UNIFIL and Peacekeeping Groups, (2) Lebanese Officials and their territory, (3) Israeli soldiers and their abusive settlement within Lebanese territory, and (4) the Palestinian terrorist group. The study seeks (1) to discern biased actions or perceptions that resulted in peacekeepers (Irish; UNIFIL) empathizing with either the local Lebanese or with Jewish settlers, and (2) to determine the implications of these biased activities towards UN’s relationships among Lebanon and Israel. II. Discussion i. Overview of Peacekeeping Traces of Biased Rule (1940s to 1980s) The primary characteristic of the U. N peacekeeping operations is its role in the resolution or management of conflicts and not entirely to provide aid to any parties concerned. From the historical point of view, peacekeeping operations in the Middle East have started way backed 1948 Arab-Israeli Wars under the United Nations Truce Supervision (UNTSO). The primary task of UNTSO is to supervise both military condition and the Palestinian truce (Pitta and Mccouaig 1994 4). As supported by Kellerman, Siehr and Einhorn (1998), UNTSO’s indefinite mandate is limited to observing, reporting and investigating cease-fire violations and other border incidents in the course of supervising the implementation of the General Armistice Agreements between Israel and Arab neighbors (p. 368). At that point, the United Nations General Assembly has proposed its initial peacekeeping resolution in an effort of negotiating the disputed Jerusalem from the two parties involved – Israel and Palestinians. The offer involves the partitioning of the territory into separate Arab and Jewish states with the city of Jerusalem under the International mandate. However, the offer has been declined since the most significant sacred city, Jerusalem, cannot be placed into any others’ property aside from the Jewish nation (Kellerman, Siehr and Einhorn 1998 p. 368). According to Pitta and Mccouaig (1994), the United Kingdom possesses 1. 5 million Palestinian Arabs under the League of Nations mandate and 500,000 Jews (p. 4). After the negation of UN proposal on 14th of May 1948, the United Kingdom relinquished its mandate over Palestine, while the Israel has been proclaimed. Due to the biased support of the international nationalities among Israel, the next day (May 15) the Palestinian Arabs, together with other Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria), attacked the United Kingdom republic. According to Hearn (1999), if the peacekeeping forces fail to uphold the requirement of impartiality, the credibility of their campaign shall be compromised, which consequently opens them to attacks (p. 10). In order to resolve the conflict, the UN Security Council has called for a cease-fire mandate under the Resolution 50 on MAY 29, 1948. According to Pitta and Mccouaig (1994), the UNTSO observers have become the primary observers of the truce of 1948 (p. 4). UNTSO has become the primary and the longest existing peacekeeping organization securing and monitoring the relationship between Israel and Palestinian groups. UNTSO observers have been attached to UNFIL groups in an effort of securing and monitoring the implementation of the 1948 Truce and cease fire mandate. However, according to Stephan (2004), UNTSO observers and other peacekeeping groups (e. g. UNIFIL, UN Security Council, etc. ) have been accused on implementing biased treatment among both Jews and Palestinian settlers. In response to the Lebanon-Israel conflict, Fleitz (2002) has reported that Israel groups are complaining against anti-Jews activities among UNTSO, UNIFIL and UN Department of Peacekeeping (p. 54). Meanwhile, according to Hahn (2004), Palestinians are complaining against the international favor (e. g. American support towards the Israelites, UNTSO’s rejection of Syrian complaints against Israel’s bridge and trenches fortifications that are considered violation against the armistice, etc. ). Considering these scenarios, accusations of being biased are being directed to almost every party involved in the Israel-Palestinian feud. ii. The 1982 Conflicts among UNIFIL and Disputants According to Fleitz (2002), UNIFIL is the most notorious example of the consequences when a traditional peacekeeping force is only partially accepted by warring parties (p. 54). Similar to the history of UNTSO, UNIFIL has been accused of having biased activities with the Lebanese party. The primary task of UNIFIL is to monitor the conditions of Israel settlement in Lebanon and facilitate its withdrawal. However, the disputants refuse to fully cooperate with the UNIFIL representatives due to the vast issues of biased activities (e. g. Israel party is accusing UNIFIL of being an anti-Israelite group, etc). According to Muller (1997), Israel has objected to the UN’s bias in Lebanon and elsewhere branding the UNIFIL organization as an instrument for their anti-Israel schemes (p. 132). Due to the past issues of Israel with Syria, Iran and other Arab Nations, the provision of support system has become very sensitive and critical to the peacekeeping strategies of UNIFIL. Israel has accused UNIFIL of supporting the Lebanese to regain the Palestinian and the rest of the Arab’s favor. Although, according to Fleitz (2002) and Nachmias (1999), Israel perceives UNIFIL as a U. N instrument in helping the Lebanese-Syrian groups against their nation. According to Gat (2003), Israel has falsely interpreted the reasons of Israeli troops’ withdrawal from Lebanon, and considered this as an aid for the Arab groups to reconstruct their settlement in the area (p. 104) Conflict between Israel and UNIFIL’s mission of Israel’s withdrawal has threatened the U. N-Israeli relations. Due to the incident, UNIFIL-Arab conflict has increased causing the decline of UNIFIL populations and death of most Irish peacekeepers. According to Said and Hitchens (2001), the Israeli Iron Fist operations against terrorist suspicion in the area of Lebanon have prevented them from leaving (p. 131). Nachmias (1999) states that UNIFIL failed in its three mandatory missions: (1) it did not induce peace, (2) it did not stop the daily carnage of Israeli soldiers and Lebanese civilians, and (3) it failed to achieve the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Lebanon. Instead of fulfilling their peacekeeping tasks, UNIFIL is caught in the middle of the Israeli-Palestinian feud within the Lebanese settlement. In 1985, the Israeli settlers in Lebanon filed their request of using Southern Lebanon as their settlement in the area. According to Fleitz (2002), the settling of Israelites within the security zones of South Lebanon has caused severe casualties on the part of UNIFIL members, specifically 83 fatalities from attacks when Israel launched a major invasion of Lebanon through UNIFIL positions (p. 55). Due to these consequent events, UNIFIL has failed its very mission of settling the feud between Israel and Lebanon. The South Lebanon Army has defied the U. N resolutions not to occupy the security zone between Israeli border and UNIFIL forces. The tensions between Israel and Lebanese civilians have grown to be very sensitive. UNIFIL, being opposed to the settlement of Israelites in the area of Southern Lebanon, has been incorporated with the targets of Israeli troops. However, during the patrol of Israelites within the streets of Lebanon, incidence of preventive gunfire against Irish peacekeeping forces has been reported, which eventually caused wide protest against Israel troops (Said and Hitchens 2001 133). Due to the aggressive military activities of Israel against Lebanese civilians (e. g. 1984 killing of 150 children in a bombed-out school at Bekaa Valley, 1985 killing of 20 people in Tripoli refugee camp, etc. ), UNIFIL has to support the local Lebanese civilians, especially the wounded.

Lucid Dreams :: essays research papers

What is Lucid Dreaming, and How Can I Control My Dreams? Info from totse.com The term "lucid dreaming" refers to dreaming while knowing that you are actually dreaming. The "lucid" part refers to the clarity of consciousness rather than the vividness of the dream. It generally happens when you realize during the course of a dream that you are dreaming, perhaps because something weird occurs. Most people who remember their dreams have experienced this at some time, often waking up immediately after the realization. However, it is possible to continue in the dream while remaining fully aware that you are dreaming. Usually lucidity brings with it some degree of control over the course of the dream. How much control is possible varies from dream to dream and from dreamer to dreamer. Practice can apparently contribute to the ability to exert control over dream events. At the least, lucid dreamers can choose how they wish to respond to the events of the dream. For example, you can decide to face up to a frightening dream figure, knowing it cannot harm you, rather than to try to avoid the danger as you naturally would if you did not know it was a dream. Even this amount of control can transform the dream experience from one in which you are the helpless victim of frequently terrifying, frustrating, or maddening experiences to one in which you can dismiss for a while the cares and concerns of waking life. On the other hand, some people are able to achieve a level of mastery in their lucid dreaming where they can create any world, live any fantasy, and experience anything they can imagine. Because the laws of physics and society are repealed many people share a desire for lucid dreaming. The only limits are the reaches of your imagination. Much of the potential of dreams is wasted because people do not recognize that they are dreaming. When we are not lucid in a dream, we think and behave as if we are in waking reality. This can lead to pointless frustration, confusion and wasted energy, and in the worst case, terrifying nightmares. Anxiety dreams and nightmares can be overcome through lucid dreaming, because if you know you are dreaming you have nothing to fear. Dream images cannot hurt you. Lucid dreams, in addition to helping you lead your dreams in satisfying directions, enjoy fantastic adventures, and overcome nightmares, can be valuable tools for success in your life Lucid dreamers can deliberately employ the natural creative potential of dreams for problem solving and artistic inspiration.

Making Good Choices

James Anderson Making good choices Making right choices is crucial for the direction that you want to go in in life, but sometimes it can be very hard to choose the right thing. Sometimes you do not make the right choice and there are consequences for those actions. Before you make a decision about doing something ask yourself a couple of questions. Would I tell my closest friend or relative about it? Will it have consequences? Will it cause harm? Think about what you are doing, before you do it. Whether it is about a relationship, personal issues with family, or even what you are going to have for lunch today.Do not do anything rash without thinking about the results, and planning how you will deal with the results. Some consequences can be severe, but sometimes it's worth it, that's what you have to decide for yourself. Avoid rash decisions. Don't do something out of feelings in the moment, take some time to be sure about what you want, and wait to calm down and relax before you ma ke the final decision and do something about it. It's a good idea to confide in someone and get some opinions on what you could do (ex. Your brother/sister, your bestfriend). Do not over-think everything.Don't get nervous at small things, that requires small decisions, that will not affect your life further. You should know what is important enough to be thinking well about it. Over-thinking everything can cause stress, which is very bad for you Trust yourself. Go with your gut, but always think any big and Hucrucial decision through. Have faith in yourself and in your instincts. After all, the only person you can trust to want the best for you is yourself. The choices we make throughout our lives determine our futures but the problem is, that we are not always wise enough now to make the choices we should for the people we want to become.When we are young and need to make important choices for our financial future, such as which subjects we should study and how to get good grades, we are not sufficiently wise to realise that a little pain now gives great gain in the future. We also want the pleasure that comes from eating forbidden fruit, from pigging out on confectionery or trying the adult pleasures that can ruin our health for life. We see adults smoking or consuming alcohol and saying that they enjoy it or get pleasure from it or need it to overcome the stress of the day.We are not wise enough to know that what adults say gives them pleasure also causes future ill health problems or that advertising is not reminding us to make healthy choices but trying to put money in other people's pockets. When we become adults, we will know what choices we should have made and will wish that we had made them long ago, when we were young. But the only way in which we will then be able to make good choices, will be to help and educate our own children to make the choices that we wish we had made when we were their age. Why good choices? Why not?Haven’t you ever h eard that if you’re going to do something, you might as well do it right? Well, it’s the same thing with choices. We’re not talking about preparing a meal or making a dress. This is your LIFE! You have the right to make your own choices, but you don’t have the right to choose the consequences. You may decide to stick your hand in the fire, but you’re probably going to get burned. We’ve all had the opportunity to make choices. Some of them were not so good. We’ve allowed other people to influence our lives, and sometimes what seemed like a good idea in the moment, turned out to be a huge mistake.As a teenager did you ever borrow the family car without permission? What did your parents do? They probably took the keys away from you and sent you to your room. Maybe you were grounded. Maybe that meant missing the prom or something else that was important to you. If so, you probably learned a lesson that has stuck with you. Other choices tu rn out to be much more serious. In fact, they may be serious enough that they will affect you for the rest of your life. What if you’re that teenager who borrowed the family car and wrecked it? Were you drinking? Texting? Talking on the phone?Just simply not paying attention? Was anyone else harmed, or even killed? If so, then that changes everything. Instead of being sent to your room, you were judged according to the laws of the land. You were probably taken to jail, and maybe even sent to prison, but even that won’t take away the consequences of knowing you injured or ended a life. People get married without a guide book and children don’t come with directions. Parents do the best they can but sometimes they just don’t provide the guidance a child needs. It’s not generally that they’re bad people.It’s just that they really just don’t know what a particular child needs. Sometimes parents have enough problems of their own and just simply don’t have what it takes to be good role models. As an example, I had parents who were good people. Charming, attractive, full of charisma. My birth was the event of the century for our family. I was the first child, and the first grandchild for my father’s parents. I remember everyone thinking I was pretty wonderful. When I look back at this time in my early childhood, I seem to settle on the happiness and security I felt at about age three.After that, things started going haywire. Alcohol played a huge part in the unhappiness of my parents and they decided they just couldn’t stay married. They still loved each other, but pride had gotten in the way and neither of them were willing (or able) to make the necessary changes to keep us all together. By the time I was seven, my parents officially divorced, and my sister and I, along with our father, went to live with our paternal grandparents. Thank goodness for grandparents who are willing to step in wh en there is a need. They became the parents to all three of us! Life was good with our grandparents.In fact, I’m sure my sister would agree that the three years with them were the most secure years of our childhood. At the end of those three years, our father remarried and expected a new â€Å"mother† to raise us. Our own mother had moved away, believing that we would be better off without her. Had she asked me what I thought about that, I would have begged her to stay. Things weren’t better without her. This new woman we now lived with didn’t want to raise someone else’s children and she made that pretty clear. For me, reading was a way to escape. I was a good student and didn’t do anything to cause problems.Being the peacemaker, I smiled on the outside, but inside, I was terribly unhappy. I dreamed about running away and never coming back. When I was seventeen, that’s just what I did. I got married, graduated from high school, and h ad my first baby in the same year. Did I know what I was doing? Heck no! Do I wish I’d have made better choices? Absolutely! That marriage was short-lived and only added to my trials. Not only do I have regrets, but I’ve also suffered with the â€Å"what might have been. † The best thing about it is the daughter who came from it all. She was always my strength and my reason for living.The worst thing is what I went through to get to where I am today. On the outside, I look like a pretty normal person. There are scars on the inside but they’re barely visible anymore. They say time heals all wounds, but without love and forgiveness, they will just continue to fester and bleed. You can apply bandages but until you heal the wound from the inside, it will only continue to cause pain. A few things have helped me on my road to freedom. 1. Good friends. If you only have one person you can count on in life, consider yourself blessed. Two childhood friends appeared when I needed them most and I credit them ith my ability to live through the worst time of my life. 2. Learning the meaning of the Atonement of Jesus Christ in my life. He suffered not only for my sins (and my lack of good choices) but He also suffered my pain. Too many times I think we think only of the crucifixion and not the precious gift He offered in the Garden of Gesthemane. When times get hard, I realize that He truly understands my pain because He has suffered it not only for all mankind, but just for ME. 3. Making the decision to forgive. I haven’t forgotten, but I have forgiven. The memories help me remember how important it is to make the right choices in life.If I didn’t have them, what would stop me from continuing to make them? Forgiveness helps remove the pain. It’s part of the Atonement of Jesus Christ. He forgave. If I am unwilling to forgive those who have hurt me, then I am bringing my own condemnation. Christ will be the one, in the end, to judge. 3. Journaling. Early on, I knew I had to write my story. The process of recording it had a few benefits. Therapy for me. A record for mchildren It’s the story of a young girl with a good heart who got sucked into a life that forced her to grow up faster than she wanted.She learned she couldn’t trust the people who were supposed to love her. You just have to read it to learn more about her and determine for yourself whether or not she succeeded. I don’t know what lead you to this website, but I do know that everyone on this beautiful planet we call Mother Earth has made some choices they regret. You don’t have to live with a life of pain. The past does not determine who you are today. When you make good choices and decisions, you reap the rewards. When you make poor choices and decisions, you suffer the consequences. In high school, you have more freedom and more independence than you’ve ever had before.Of course, with this greater freedom an d independence comes greater responsibility. Learning to accept responsibility for your actions and for the choices that you make is an important part of growing up. You will have many decisions to make in high school. It is therefore important that you have good decisions-making skills. Try following these steps whenever you have a decision to make: -determine your options write down the positive and negative aspects of each option make sure that you have all the information you need to make an informed decision carefully consider the positive and negative aspects of each option make your decionRemember that whatever you do, it's not the end of the world, there's always a solution for everything. Make your own decisions, it's okay to know someone's opinion, but the decision is yours to make. Always consider the good things and the bad things about your decision, and the results of it. It's natural to take the wrong decision sometimes. We learn from our mistakes, don't get too upset about it.

This Study Focuses On How The Minimum-Wage Serves As A

This study focuses on how the minimum-wage serves as a place for prime age workers, those between the age of 25 and 54, to get stuck. For the purpose of this study, minimum-wage was established as anyone earning less than or equal to $1.00 above the 1997 wage of $5.15, as adjusted by inflation. While minimum-wage was developed as a floor for wages, this study asserts that a worker with one child will be nearly $3,000 below the poverty line even if they work full-time, full-year. It was concluded that many prime-age workers are not likely to move into a job paying above minimum wage if they were in a minimum-wage job to start with; over one third of all low-wage workers remained in that section three years later. Prior to a federal†¦show more content†¦This paper argues that the proper time to adjust minimum wage is right now. To argue this, studies are done that show the target efficiency of the federal minimum wage is near its 25-year peak. These studies also show that the changes in target efficiency are directly related to the workers in poverty and not the non-poor workers. From this, the paper raises the idea that minimum wage increases the employment of low-skilled poor individuals relative to low-skilled non-poor individuals. It also asserts that the decline in teenage employment and general increase in poverty are not the strongest predictors of the target efficiency. This paper asserts that a minimum wage results in a lower employment of youth. 17 countries are pulled from to back up this claim. In the final analysis, the countries are split into four categories: High employment and high labor, high employment and low labor, low employment and high labor, and low employment and low labor. This data set shows that although minimum wage leads to lower employment, it varies by country. This research suggests that policies may have an important influence on the size of disemployment effects due to minimum wage. It also claims that stronger employm ent protection policies can reduce and even offset the effect of minimum wage on teen unemployment. This paperShow MoreRelatedUnequal Democracy By Larry Bartle1503 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Unequal Democracy† written by Larry Bartle focuses on how politics have influenced the growing gap between the rich and poor in America. Bartle argues that the gap has resulted from policy choices dominated by partisan ideologies and interest of the wealthy, specifically under the Republican Party, while Democrats have managed to slightly decrease the gap. Bartle sheds light on how poor voters have a disadvantage in which wealthier voters are more affluent to political leaders. In addition, BartleRead MoreAll Members Of Congress And Fellow Americans969 Words   |  4 Pagessociety and set a plan as to how we as Americans have to come together for the better and make a change. This country has grown tremendously in many areas since we’ve experienced our last financial crisis. During our time of crisis there were many doubters who said that we could not make America great again and stating that we Americans were misguided. I believe that we have proved them wrong with the growth of the economy and deficits being cut by two-thirds. This economy has touched so manyRead MoreIncreasing Minimum Sounds Like A Great Idea For Most Individuals1850 Words   |  8 PagesIncreasing minimum sounds like a great idea for most individuals in the United States, however making this change is not as simple as one may think. Minimum wage is the hourly amount an employer can pay their employees for the work they provide. These hourly wages are calculated into a weekly, bi-weekly or monthly paycheck. Minimum wage has been a hot topic in Americans and Congress over the past decade that was established by the Department of Labor as a cabinet-level agency in 1913. Many believeRead MoreAnalysis Of Gravity Payments Of Ceo Dan Price Cuts Salaries770 Words   |  4 PagesThis p aper will mainly focus on the analysis of â€Å"Gravity Payments of CEO Dan Price cuts his salary to raise staff pay† with the servant leadership theory. In the following paragraphs, except a brief summary of the issue, it also includes the application of the theory toward to gain new insights of looking at the issue and recommendations for leaders in the servant leadership. Issue Summary Dan Price as the founder of Gravity Payments, who took a US$930,000 pay cut in order to bring up the minimumRead MoreThesis Of Freakonomics1352 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans a study of economics based on the principles of incentives. The title is related to the book since he emphasizes how incentives drive and affect people’s actions. Although this book does not have a single theme, the main focus of the book is a new way of interpreting the world using economic tools. He explores incentives, information asymmetry, conventional wisdom, crime and abortion, and parenting throughout the six chapters of the book. There are five important principles in this book whichRead MoreThe Mission And Vision Statements Of An Organization799 Words   |  4 PagesThe mission and vision statements of an organization must be linked to its overall strategic plan. Establishing this connection is pivotal when discussing how BJ s Wholesale Club Inc. value statements are aligned to its proposed strate gic plan. Furthermore, in this paper the Internal and external analyzes are two essential phases in the strategic planning process of BJ s. Significantly, when formulating relevant and feasible plans it is imperative for strategy makers to have a thorough understandingRead MoreA Brief Note On Unemployment And Low Wages Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagespolitical, social, and economic dynamics. I personally believe that some causes of poverty are unemployment and low wages. As an example, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) states that â€Å"as the country shifts from a manufacturing to a service economy, wages have been dramatically lowered for the average nonprofessional worker† (Poverty, n.d.). Here in the United States, minimum wage has not been raised since 2007. If it were increased in order to cover the cost of living, people who work theseRead More Managing Global Expansion1920 Words   |  8 Pages This paper examines some of the economic and legal factors that can affect a company as it transitions from a private to a publically owned company. This paper, consisting of four sections; describes, discusses, and analyzes the major concerns that the owners of XYZ Construction, Incorporated have on expansion and economics. Section one covers the macroeconomic factors that influence the operations of the company. Section two focuses on the microeconomic factors that XYZ Construction, IncRead MorePrivatization of American Prisons1661 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal authorities and contracting it out to private organizations. Along with the drift to privatization is a plethora of research pertaining to the subject taking many different approaches to analyzing the effectiveness. The majority of research focuses on one of three areas. The first questioning whether or not it is cost effective to make the switch. The second being the ethical problems that can and have risen from the privatization of prisons. The third being a wide paint ing of the change andRead MoreLareaus Unequal Childhood Paper Analysis1541 Words   |  7 Pagesand raising of children. Same author also discusses several theoretical approaches have been identified that identifies the family as a form of social institution and how the family unit interconnect with other social institutions within any given society. According to the Structural-Functional Analysis for example, the family serves as a unit that perform many vital tasks which include socialization, regulation of sexual activity (reproduction), social placement and emotional support. According to

Cyberbullying Is A Crime Persuasive Speech - 937 Words

Cyberbullying is a Crime-Persuasive Speech â€Å"95% of all teens, ages 12 through 17 are now online...† (Meier). The internet is now a prominent part of the 21st Century society. We are able to communicate with practically anyone, anywhere, instantly, regardless of the distance between us. Electronics and the internet are fast becoming a vital part of our daily lives and this can make them more susceptible to misuse. By using technology, people can communicate anything they want with very few possible consequences, and this allows them to use the internet, and technology in general, to hurt others. The use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person, especially a young person, is called cyberbullying. Unfortunately, our society has let cyberbullying continue, undeterred, which is a crime against moral laws and it should be a crime against federal and all state laws. Bullying, in the traditional sense, is illegal in 44 of the United States and of t hese only 25 states that even mention bullying in the electronic form. Merely 18 states however, include cyberbullying as a state crime (Patchin). A short time ago a friend told me a story about a young girl who had been cyberbullied in high school. This young girl had a falling out with her best friend who she had known since elementary school. They were so close that her friend knew the answer to the security question on her email. Her friend would delete all of her emails and leave cruel messages

Hamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy...

Hamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. The main source of Hamlet is Saxo Grammaticus Historiae Danicae, a folk tale that has a similar plot to Hamlet; however, Shakespeare greatly transforms this story of revenge when creating Hamlet. Shakespeare also draws upon†¦show more content†¦The revenge ghost is a convention Kyd took from Senecas tragedies, and in fact, Don Andrea has similar parallels to the ghost of Achilles in Senecas play Troades. The first appearance of the old kings ghost in the opening scene of Hamlet would have been suggestive of a revenge tragedy to an Elizabethan audience. However, the ghost does not demand revenge as Don Andrea does, but rather adds to the uncertainty and sense of foreboding in the scene. The play begins in a bitter cold night, bringing a sense of pathetic fallacy to the scene, as the setting adds to the sense of trouble in Denmark, as described by Horatio and Marcellus. It is not until Act I, Scene V that the ghost appears to Hamlet, demanding revenge [for] his foul and most unnatural murder, and thus introducing the theme of revenge in Hamlet. Although Hamlet proclaims that [he will] sweep to [his] revenge, he does not take his revenge until the final scene of the play. Hamlets inaction and delay of his revenge is paralleled in The Spanish Tragedy, however the reasons for delay in Hamlet are somewhat different. In The Spanish Tragedy, immediately after Hieronimo discovers his sons body he claims that it is only in revenge [his] heart would find relief, andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Heroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy1389 Words   |  6 PagesHeroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy In Elizabethan drama, it was accepted that the villains of the piece would, because of their evil methods and aims, be revealed and punished - in other words, justice would be served. The problem, however, arises when the heroes of the piece use the same methods as the villains. I use the term hero warily, as the traditional hero of a revenge tragedy is one who would at first seem completely unsuited to a revenging role; Heironimo is portrayedRead MoreThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time when theRead MoreThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time whenRead MoreRevenge Is A Dish Best Served Cold Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Pierre Choderlos writes, â€Å"revenge is a dish best served cold.† This quote is renown for its popularity across the centuries, often used as a proverbial description of the idea of revenge. Vengeance itself is a popular issue of morality, discussed and portrayed in a multitude of manners throughout literature, film, and live theater. Two playwrights that tackle the matter of revenge are Zeami Motokiyo and the famous William Shakespeare. Motokiyo’s play Astumori takes quite an artistic approachRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark1740 Words   |  7 Pages Shakespeare’s tragedies are filled with many commonalities: violent murders, treachery and revenge. However, while Hamlet, Prince of Denmark portrays these same ideas, it e ffectively fights against the traditional expectations of a Shakespearean tragedy. The play centers on Hamlet’s attempts to avenge his father’s murder, yet his greatest struggles are against himself. Stemming from his constant desire to plot a perfect revenge, Hamlet’s obsessiveness often leads to frustration. Shakespeare usesRead MoreHamlet Comparison Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (I.V.31). In Shakespeares play titled Hamlet, Lies, deception, and foul play are all encompassed into an iconic tale of revenge. The tragedy takes place in Denmark, following the death of Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet. Shortly after his death, King Hamlet’s brother Claudius marries, the Queen, who is prince Hamlet’s mother. The ghost of the dead king later shows himself to Hamlet in order to reveal that he was actually murdered by his own brother ClaudiusRead MoreAnalysis Of Traditional Revenge Tragedy In Ha mlet1819 Words   |  8 Pageswill be starting off with A Traditional Revenge Tragedy. This article is written by Poonam Valeria. In her review of Hamlet, the play, she starts off by giving a lightly detailed background of Shakespeare. Then continues to apply the six characteristics of a traditional revenge tragedy and their application to Hamlet. The first characteristic is that the plot has to start off with a crime of some sort, in Hamlet that would be the death of King Hamlet. The death of King Hamlet is what sparked the travelingRead More The Many Faces of Hamlet Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe Many Faces of Hamlet         Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the characters in the play, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Hamlet is without a doubt the most complex. His emotions are never stable, his feelings are constantly changing, and his behavior is confusing and inconsistent. Hamlet is described as a half a dozen characters rolled into one (Shaw 344) and with as many adjectives in one sentence as cruel, angry, tender, depressed, clownish, manic, and filled with loathing for women, humanityRead MoreThe Self Defeat of Heroes in Shakespeares Tragedies: A Character Analysis of Hamlet and Othello1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Self-Defeat of Heroes in Shakespeares Tragedies: A Character Analysis of Hamlet and Othello Introduction Aristotle asserted that all tragic heroes had fundamental flaws that were the source of their undoing, and that were typically the source of their initial success, as well. Oedipus thinks he acts with justice, wisdom, and the assurance of success, and these things also cause him to completely destroy himself when he discovers the truth of his situation, as one prominent example. TheRead MoreChristian Beliefs Of Shakespeare s The Movie Of The Play 956 Words   |  4 PagesAlmereyda incorporated more modern traits in the film, such as technology and color. There is not much of the religious influence as was seen in the play. Religion played a major role in the development of the play and seeing that it is completely left out of the movie is significant. The essential complexity of this play was formed on the relationship of Christian beliefs of morality competing with the classic principles of revenge tragedy. The inner turmoil that Hamlet was experiencing as the

Outsourcing Business Functions Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business Functions. Answer: I have executed this research program on the topic Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions in which discussion has been made regarding the role of outsourcing and the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. I have gained knowledge of different aspects related to outsourcing business functions. In this dynamic and competitive business environment, there has been a rise in the use of outsourcing for enhancing the effectiveness of the business operations. This research program has discussed the importance of outsourcing and different factors associated with outsourcing. Companies are outsourcing the business functions for focusing on the main or primary functions and conducting their operations in an effective manner. I have developed knowledge regarding the role of outsourcing and its importance for the businesses operating in the dynamic environment. I have collected data with the help of various methods or techniques. Reliable and qualit y information has been collected for enhancing the execution process of the research program (Turkenburg McAuley, 2013). I have gained knowledge of the concept of outsourcing which is an important element for a business. During the execution process of this research program, I have developed knowledge regarding the manner in which a research is executed. Execution of the research needs considering various aspects. This research has enhanced my knowledge and skills which will help me in future for performing the activities. Learning is an integral part of the life of every individual as learning contributes to experience gained by an individual. I have conducted this research with the skills, knowledge, and efforts. This learning which I have gained from the execution of this research has encouraged me to conduct research programs in future appropriately (Sturgeon Gereffi, 2011). This learning has prepared me for better future roles and performing the roles in a better way. I have gained knowledge about outsourcing which has gained much importance in this business environment. I have developed knowledge regarding the role played by outsourcing in enhancing the performance of the business. Different factors have been discussed in this research program which affects the decision of the business for outsourcing of the operations of the business. This learning or experience gained from this research is of great use as it has shaped my knowledge which I will apply to the professional life. I have gathered information about the use of primary and secondary sources of data. This has taught me how to gather quality data for presenting the different aspects of the research in a better manner (Nirmala, 2013). I have executed this research program in a sequence for ensuring that the research is completed within the timeframe as well as in an effective manner. This has helped me in completing this research program for conducting the course properly. This program has discussed the concept of outsourcing and its role in shaping the performance of the business. There are various advantages of using outsourcing to a business along with disadvantages. Knowledge has been developed regarding these advantages and disadvantages which have provided a direction to me for completing the research (Johnston, 2014). This program has been executed in an effective manner for successfully completing the program. For a future career, one must possess knowledge of the important aspects of the business environment. This knowledge which I have gained has helped me in meeting the requirements of the future career. I will apply the skills and knowledge gained while conducting this research for performing the roles assigned to me in the professional life. Knowledge is required as this knowledge will help in making decisions for the challenges faced by the professional life (Crossman, 2017). During the learning process, I have faced few limitations which have affected the research process. For overcoming the limitations faced I have applied various measures. I have conducted this research by dividing the tasks of the research into different activities. These activities are executed one after another for making sure that the research is completed well on time and without any error (Tayauova, 2012). I have gathered quality data as well as analyzed the data for developing knowledge regarding the research topic. I have collected data with the help of different research methods or techniques for ensuring the quality of the research. Different articles, journals and other internet sources for forming the base of this research. I have collected data from primary sources which have developed knowledge regarding the manner in which primary data is collected from the respondents. I will apply this knowledge in the situations which I will face in the future and apply the skills for conducting activities of the future career (Zhou Ren, 2010). This business research has discussed the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. The focus of this research was on discussing different aspects related to the research for maintaining the quality of the research. I have gained knowledge that outsourcing has enhanced the performance of the business by concentrating on the important functions of the business in a better way. This business research is an important part of the research learning process as it has contributed towards the development of my knowledge and skills. I have done research for gathering data related to the topic as information is required for the purpose of developing knowledge of the topic. I will use this knowledge gained for performing the actions properly by making the right decision. This business research for formed a base for the further research activities. I will make sure that this knowledge will be applied to the professional life (Sturgeon Gereffi, 2009). I have prepared assignment 1 and assignment 2 for performing the research in a better manner. Different assignments have been conducted in this research for gathering information properly and presenting the information in a reliable manner. Assignment 1 has discussed the literature review section in which quality data has been presented which has been collected with the use of qualitative and quantitative research methods. I have understood that outsourcing has enhanced the productivity of the business, focusing on the core functions of the business, promoting flexibility in the organization and effective utilization of the resources available to the business (Smith, 2012). There are few disadvantages which include an increase in dissatisfaction among the employees, increase in differences among the employees and organization, affects the reputation of the business, lack of control on the activities of the outsourced functions, hidden cost and threat to the confidentiality (Spellman Varrichio, 2012). This research program has played a vital role for the course as for the completion of the research has helped in the successful completion of the research for the attainment of the objectives of the research. Research objectives have been decided so as to form a base for the collection of the quality data. Research scope has discussed the aspects which have been discussed in this research. Research questions have been formulated which has helped in the collection of the quality data related to the research program. Thus, I have gained knowledge of the role of outsourcing and the benefits and challenges associated with the use of outsourcing. I have conducted the research by conducting different activities which have helped in ensuring that the research is conducted within the time limited and with required quality. This knowledge gained in this research will help me in professional life as knowledge of market plays a vital role for a professional. Skills gained will be used for carrying out further research activities. References Crossman, A., 2017, An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods, ThoughtCo. Johnston, M. P., 2014, Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, pp. 619 626. Nirmala, Y., 2013, Chapter four: research design, Language in India, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 102. Smith, A., 2012, The Pros and Cons of Outsourcing, UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstone. Spellman, J. Varrichio, J., 2012, "Bad Reputation?: The Potential Negative Impact of Outsourcing on the Legal Profession, Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal, Vol. 29, Iss. 2, Article 8. Sturgeon, T. Gereffi, G., 2009, Measuring success in the global economy: international trade, industrial upgrading, and business function outsourcing in global value chains,Transnational Corporations, 18(2), pp.135. Sturgeon, T. Gereffi, G., 2011, Measuring Success in the Global Economy: International Trade, Industrial Upgrading, and Business Function Outsourcing in Global Value Chains,Survey of Current Business, 91(2), pp.3359, 6166. Tayauova, G., 2012, Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing: analysis of outsourcing practices of Kazakhstan banks, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 188 195. Turkenburg, J. P. McAuley, K. E., 2013, Data collection and processing, Acta Crystallographica Section D, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 1193-1194. Zhou, Y. P. Ren, Z. J., 2010, Service Outsourcing, University of Washington.

Perception of Reality Essay Example For Students

Perception of Reality Essay What is real? Our perception of reality is often in the hands of the community we live in. We formulate ideas of reality using experience of our own as well as those of others around us. Our lives are constantly being influenced by our surroundings. The idea that our perception of reality is determined by the consensus of our community can be seen throughout history, movies and literature, as well as our personal lives. During the Holocaust, in the movie Stigmata, and in my personal experience in boarding school, my perception as well as the cognition of others were shaped by the community associated with the situation. Throughout history many events have occurred involving false perceptions of reality. The holocaust is a great example of the community molding the perception of the individuals within the society. Adolph Hitler, for example, used the media to degrade darker skinned races. The media convinced people that the darker skinned race hurts their community and economy, and genocide was a necessary action. The people of that time based their perception of reality on what they heard from the media, and from leaders of their country. A movie that I have recently seen changed my perception of reality in a religious aspect. The movie is titled Stigmata, and the message that the movie portrays involves criticizing the Catholic Church. This film implies that the Church is not necessary to worship God because God is everywhere and in all aspects of life. According to the movie the Church is aware of this, however, and they refuse to tell the people because they will loose power if the members of the Catholic community become aware that they have false perceptions. Within the movie, in a religious aspect, the perception of reality of the Catholic society is completely shaped by the Catholic Church. Believers of Catholicism will modify their own perception of religion depending on the messages that the Church portrays to them. The church has great power over the beliefs of its religious followers. On more of a personal level, after watching this movie, my views regarding the purpose of the Church were slightly altered. I questioned and thoroughly thought of the Church and the reason for attending Mass on Sundays. I finally concluded that it is just a place where one can focus on religious thoughts without distractions from the outside world. Another situation where my community molded my perception of reality took place during my second year of high school. For my sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school I attended an international boarding school in Switzerland. Although it was an American school, the student body was composed of many different nationalities. These nationalities included students form Turkey, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Spain, Venezuela, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and many other countries. Prior to my sophomore year I had never before been so interactive with such a large diversity of people. The students in that school shaped my perception of how people of different countries were. For example, I assumed that the whole Turkish community acted like the Turkish people that attended our school. I somewhat stereotyped them on the basis of my experiences with them. The majority of the student body was very wealthy, being a very expensive school, and my initial feelings toward the Turkish students were that they acted conceded and arrogant. I then assumed all Turkish people acted similarly to the ones of our school. However, after visiting Turkey and having a Turkish roommate, I realized that my perception of reality was contrary to the truth. The students of other nationalities that I lived with similarly shaped my perception of reality. Stereotyping was a common practice at our school. Many of the students from countries other than the United States thought of all Americans as drugies. .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .postImageUrl , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:hover , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:visited , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:active { border:0!important; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:active , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cult Conversion: Freewill Or Brainwashing? Essay This perception was based on the actions of most of the American students. False perceptions such as these were customary throughout my high school life.The idea that the perception of individuals is shaped by the community they are associated with is accurate in most cases. Throughout my experiences I realized that being influenced by your surroundings is virtually unavoidable. To answer the question posed in

Cassius Clay Better Known As Muhammad Ali Is By Far The Greatest Boxer

Cassius Clay better known as Muhammad Ali is by far the greatest boxer of all time. "King of the World" by David Reminick is a very detailed biography of Muhammad and good documentation how boxing used to be. The book takes you on a journey behind the scenes of Allis rise to the top and boxing run in with La Costra Nostra. On an October afternoon in 1954 when Cassius was 12 he left his 60 dollar red Schwinn outside the Columbia Auditorium to visit a bazaar. When he and his friends left he realizes that his new bike was stolen. Cassius was in a tearing rage and someone said that there was a police officer in the basement of a boxing gym. He went in demanding a statewide bike hunt and threatening to beat the hell out of whoever had stolen it. The officer Joe Martin asked Cassius if he could fight, and Cassius said no, so Martin invited him to come to the gym and learn how to box, so he could get pay back on the bicycle thief. This is the story of how Cassius first got interested and determined to become a great boxer. He also showed determinations when he brought home and Olympic gold medal. He trained very hard for our country and did a really good job. Even back then he ran his trashed talked his opponents, like in his first match he fought he one by a spit decision, after he found out he had one he shouted he would soon be "the greatest of all time". Know one knew at the time that his boasts would soon be the truth. Cassius mouth has gotten him a lot of key matches in his career. He gained his first title shot form Sonny Liston this way. One of his famous quotes was "Im so mean I make medicine sick." He ran his mouth so often that people thought he ran his mouth just to psyche him self-out for the matches. That is said to be how he one all of his matches. Before the Liston fight he charted a bus around with signs that read "We all love Cassius Clay", "Without Cassius the game is dead! "March on Listons camp." "BEAR HUNTIN." Cassius first heavy weight title shot was against Sonny Liston a very big man who would give Mike Tyson a good run for his money. There was a lot of hype surrounding their first fight. Cassius ran his mouth so much that everyone thought that Liston was going to kill Clay. Liston actually threatened to kill Clay. The day of the fight the tension in the air was so thick you could cut it with a knife. In the ring before they touched gloves and Cassius told Liston "Ive got you now, sucker!" Cassius knew that he could not match Listons power, so he danced. Liston could land a punch on Clay all night. By the sixth round Liston knew he was going down that night with the quickness. It has been said but not proven that Sonny instructed his assistant to juice his gloves. This is were you rub ferric chloride on a pair of boxing gloves, which is a stinging solution that tends to blind. During the fourth round Cassiuss eyes began to sting. He lost his vision and the sixth round. By the seventh he gained it back and came back with the knock out. He screamed "Eat your words!" Cassius was now world heavy weight champion. A rematch happened between Clay and Liston on May 25, 1965. Very early in the match Cassius knocked out Liston with the infamous "phantom punch". This punch was thrown so quickly that it almost escaped even the eye of the camera. Before the referee counted to ten Cassius was over Liston shouting "Get up and fight, you bum! Youre supposed to be so bad! Nobody will believe this!" Liston was out cold. The crowd shouted "FAKE!" It has never been proven that Liston actually threw the fight. Muhammad was baptized Catholic, but got very interested with The Nation of Islam. In the beginning of his career he had to hide his interests in "The Nation", because he felt that the public was not

Data mining crime of data The WritePass Journal

Data mining crime of data 2  LITERATURE REVIEW Data mining crime of data 1  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION1.1   Ã‚  MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION1.3 PROJECT GOAL1.4 GENERAL APPROACH1.5   ORGANISATION OF DOCUMENT2  LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTIO2.2  Ã‚  What is Data mining?2.3 Data mining definitions2.4 Data mining structure 2.5 Data mining methods and Techniques 2.6 Data mining modellingREFERENCERelated 1  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION 1.1   Ã‚  MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND In the society crime issue is very important. It is common knowledge within the society that crime induces vast psychological, human and economical damages to individuals, environment and the economy of a particular society itself. It is very important that a society through its government, judiciary and legislative endeavours to control crime within their environment. Data mining is a brawny technique with expectant potency to help criminal investigators concentrate on the most important information in their crime data [1]. The cognition discovered from existing data goes to reveal a value added of its information. Successful data mining methodology depends intemperately on the peculiar selection of techniques employed by analyst. Their pragmatic applications are, for example, the criminal detectives, market sale forecasting and playing behaviour analysis in sport games. However the more the data and more composite question being treated and maintained, the more potent the system is required. This includes the potentiality of the system to analyze large quantity of data and composite information from various sources. In crime control of the law enforcement, there are many storage data and formats have to be revealed. When its amount has risen, it is hard to analyze and explore some new knowledge from them. Therefore, the data mining is employed to crime control and criminal curtailment by using frequency happening and length method under which these presumptions can be achieved. All these techniques give outcome to benefit detectives in searching behavioural practices of professional criminals. [1] The application in the law enforcement from data analysis can be categorised into two vital component, crime check and criminal curtailment. Crime check tends to use knowledge from the analysed data to control and prevent the happening of crime, while the criminal curtailment tries to arrest criminal by using his/her account records in data mining. Brown [2] has bui lt a software model for mining data in order to arrest professional criminals. They suggested an information system that can be used to apprehend criminals in their own area or regions.   The software can be employed to turn data into useful information with two technologies, data fusion and data mining. Data fusion deals fuses and translates information from multiple sources, and it overcomes confusion from conflict reports and cluttered or noisy backgrounds. Data mining is concerned with the automatic discovery of patterns and relationships in large databases. His software is called ReCAP(Regional Crime Analysis Program), which was built to provide crime analysis with both technologies (). When the terrorism was burst by 9/11 attacks, fears about national security has risen significantly and the world has varied forever. The strategy against a terrorist must be more advanced in order to prevent suicide attacks from their stratagem [5]. In the congressional conference, Robert S. Mueller – The Director of investigative department of FBI, suggested that they excessively emphasize to arrest the criminals with slightly attention for crime checks is the main problem of the law enforcement in the world [4].   It is more interesting now in data collection for criminal control plan. Abraham et. al. [1] suggested a method to use computer log register as account data search, some relationship by employing the frequency happening of incidents. Then, they analyze the outcome of produced profiles. The profiles could be employed to comprehend the behaviour of criminal. It should be observe that the types of crime could be exchanged over time determined by the variation of globalization and technology. Therefore, if we want to prevent crime efficiently, the behaviour must be employed with another kind of knowledge. We need to know the crime causes. de Bruin et. al. [3] introduced a new distance standard for comparing all individuals established on their profiles and then clustering them accordingly. This method concedes a visual clustering of criminal career and changes the identification of categories of criminals. They present the applicability of the data mining in the area of criminal career analysis. Four important elements play a role in the analysis of criminal career: crime nature, frequency, duration and severity. They also develop a particular distance standard to combine this profile difference with crime frequency and vary of criminal behaviour over time. The matrix was made that describe the number of variation in criminal careers between all couples of culprits. The data analysis can be employed to determine the trends of criminal careers. Nath[6] suggested a method for data division in order to use them present in the pattern of geographic map. We could decide the data division to be the veer of offend across many fields. 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION The report of the headline findings represents the 2006 Offending, crime and justice survey (OCJS). This gives description of style and degrees in youth offending anti-social behaviour (ASB) and victimisation amongst youth between the ages of 10-25 residing in a private household in England and Wales. Couple of years now data are obtained from respondent representatives’ interview 4,952 including 4,152 panel members and 799 fresh samples on the frequency consequences and characteristics of offender’s victimization in England and Wales. This survey enables the Offending, crime and justice survey (OCJS) to forecast the probability of specified outcome of victimization by assault, rape, theft, robbery, burglary, sexual assault, vehicle related theft, drug selling, for the population as a whole. The OCJS provides the largest forum in England and Wales for victims and offenders to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of offenders. 1.3 PROJECT GOAL This project aim to identify which of the data mining technique best suit the OCJS data. Identify underlying classes of offenders. 1.4 GENERAL APPROACH Data mining analysis has the tendency to work from the data up and the best techniques are those developed with a preference for large amount of data, making use of as much of the gathered data as potential to arrive at a reliable decision and conclusion. The analysis procedure starts with a set of data, employs a methodology to develop an optimal delegacy of the structure of the data during which time knowledge is gained. Once knowledge has been gained this can be broadened to large sets of data working on the effrontery that the larger the data set has a structure similar to the sample data.   Again this is analogous to a mining process where large numbers of low grade materials are sieved through in order to find something of value. Target Data Figure 1.1 Stages/Procedures identified in data mining adapted from [4]       1.5   ORGANISATION OF DOCUMENT The remainder of this report is as follow: Chapter 2 reviews the approach to data mining and also described the mining techniques. Chapter 3 introduced the basic theory for the algorithm. Chapter 4 described the adopted method. Chapter 5 presented the application and a discussion of the result. 2  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTIO The major reason that data mining has pulled a big deal of attention in information industry in recent years is due to the broad accessibility of vast amount of data and the impending need for turning such data into useful information and knowledge. The information and knowledge acquired can be employed for application ranging from business management, production control, and market analysis, to engineering design and science exploration. [4] Having focused so much attention on the collection of data the problem was what to do with this valuable resource? It was distinguished that information is at the centre of business operations and that decision makers could make use of the data stored to acquire valuable insight into business. Database management systems gave access to the data stored but this was only a small part of what could be acquired from the data. Traditional online transaction processing systems, OLTPs, are good at putting data into database quickly, safely and efficien tly but are not good at delivering meaningful analysis in return. Analyzing data can provide further knowledge about a business by going beyond the data explicitly stored to derive knowledge about the business. This is where data mining or knowledge discovery in database (KDD) has obvious benefit for any enterprise. [7]                                                                                    2.2  Ã‚  What is Data mining? Data mining is concerned with extracting or â€Å"mining† knowledge from large amount of data. The term is really misnomer. Recall that the mining of gold from rocks and sand is concerned with gold mining rather than sand and rocks mining. Thus â€Å"data mining† should have been more suitably named â€Å"knowledge mining from data†, which is unfortunately so long. â€Å"Knowledge mining† a shorter term might not show the emphasis on mining from large amount of data.[4,6] Nevertheless, mining is a bright term characterising the procedure that discovers a small set of treasured pearl from a large conduct of raw materials (figure 1). Thus, such Fig.2.1 data mining-searching for knowledge (interesting patterns) in your data. [4] Misnomer which contains both â€Å"data† and â€Å"mining† became a big choice. There are many other terms containing a similar or slightly dissimilar meaning to data mining, such as data archaeology, knowledge extraction, data/ pattern analysis, and data dredging knowledge mining from database. Lots of people treat data mining as an equivalent word for another popular used condition, â€Å"knowledge discovery in database† or KDD. Alternatively, others regard data mining as just an essential step in the procedure of knowledge discovery in database. [2, 4] Knowledge discovery as a process is described in fig.2 below and comprises of an iterative sequence of the following steps: Data cleaning (removal of noise or irrelevant data) Data integration (where product data source may be mixed) Data selection (where data applicable to the analysis task are recovered from the database) Data transformation (where data are translated or fused into forms appropriate for mining by doing summary or collection operations, for instance) Data mining (an essential procedure where intelligent methods are used in other to extract data forms or patterns), Pattern evaluation (to discover the truly concerning forms or patterns representing knowledge based on interest measure) Knowledge representation (where visualization and knowledge representation proficiencies are used to deliver the mined knowledge to the user) Fig.2.2 Data mining as a process of knowledge discovery adapted from [4, 7] The data mining steps may interact with the user or a knowledge base. The interesting patterns are presented to the user, and may be stored as new knowledge in the knowledge base. It is very important to note that according to this view, data mining is only one step in the entire process, albeit an essential one since it uncovers the hidden patterns for evaluation. Adopting a broad view of data mining functionality, data mining is the process of discovery interesting knowledge from large amount of data stored either in database, data warehouse, or other information repositories. Based on this view, the architecture of a typical data mining system may have the following major components: (1)   Data warehouse, database, or other information repository. This is one or a set of database, data warehouse, spread sheets, or other kind f information repositories. Data cleaning and data integration techniques may be performed on the data. (2)   Database or data warehouse server. The database or data warehouse server is responsible for fetching the relevant data, base on the user’s data mining request. (3)   Knowledge base. This is the domain knowledge that is used to guide the search, or evaluate the interestingness of resulting patterns. Such knowledge can include concept hierarchies, used to organize attributes or attributes values into different level of abstraction. Knowledge such as user beliefs, which can be used to assess a pattern’s interestingness based on its unexpectedness, may also be included. Other examples of domain knowledge are additional interestingness constraints or thresholds, and metadata (e.g., describing data from multiple heterogeneous sources). (4    Data mining engine. This is essential to data mining system and ideally consists of a set of functional module for tasks such as characterisation, association analysis, classification, evaluation and deviation analysis. (5)    Pattern evaluation module. This component typically employs interestingness measure and interacts with the data mining modules so as to focus the search towards interesting patterns. It may access interestingness threshold stored in the knowledge base. Alternatively the pattern evaluation module may be integrated with the mining module, depending on the implementation of the data mining method used. For efficient data mining, it is highly recommended to push evaluation of patterns interestingness as deep as possible into the mining process so as to confine the search to only the interesting patterns. (6)    Graphical user interface. This module communicate between the user and the data mining system, allowing the user to interact with the system by specifying a data mining query or task, providing information to help focus the search, and   performing exploratory data mining based on the intermediate data mining results. In evaluate mined patterns, and visualize the pattern in different forms.[4, 6, 7] The quantity of data continues to increase at a tremendous rate even though the data stores are already huge. The common problem is how to make the database a competitive job advantage by changing apparently meaningless data into useful information. How this challenge is satisfied is vital because institutions are increasingly banking on efficient analysis of the data simply to remain competitive. A variety of new techniques and technology is rising to assist sort through the information and discover useful competitive data. By knowledge discovery in databases, interesting knowledge, regularities, or high-ranking information can be elicited from the applicable set of information in databases and be looked-into from different angles; large databases thereby assist as ample and dependable source for knowledge generation and confirmations. Mining information and knowledge from large database has been recognized by many research workers as a key research subject in database systems and m achine learning. Institutions in many industries also take knowledge discovery as an important area with a chance of major revenue. [8] The discovered knowledge can be applied to information management, query processing, decision making, process control, and many other applications. From data warehouse view, data mining can be considered as an advance stage of on-line analytical processing (OLAP). However, data mining extends far beyond the constrict measure summarization mode analytical processing of data warehousing systems by integrating more advance techniques for information understanding [6, 8]. Many individuals treat data mining as an equivalent word for another popularly applied condition, Knowledge Discovery in Databases, or KDD. Alternatively, others view data mining as simply an indispensable measure in the process of knowledge discovery in databases. For example, the KDD process as follow: Learning the application domain Creating a dataset Data cleaning and pre-processing Data reduction and projection Choosing the function of data mining Choosing the data mining algorithm(s) Data mining Interpretation Using the discovery knowledge As the KDD process shows, data mining is the fundamental of knowledge discovering, it needs elaborated data training works. Data cleaning and pre-processing: includes basic operations such as removing noise or outliers, gathering the necessary data to model or account for noise, resolving on strategies for dealing with missing data fields, and accounting for time sequence data and recognised changes, as well as settling DBMS issues, such as mapping of missing and unknown values, information type, and outline. Useful data are selected from the arranged data to increase the potency and focus on the job. After data preparation, selecting the purpose of data mining determine the aim of the model gained by data mining algorithm (e.g. clustering, classification and summarization). Selecting the data mining algorithm includes choosing method(s) to be used for researching for patterns in the data, such as determining which models and parameters many are captured and corresponding to a particular data mining method with the overall standards of the KDD process. Data mining explores for patterns concern in a particular realistic form set of such representations; including classification rules, or clustering, regression, sequence modelling, trees, dependency and line analysis. The mining outcomes which correspond to the demands will be translated and mobilised, to be taken into process or be introduced to concerned companies in the last step. For the importance of data mining in KDD process, the term data mining is turning more popular than the longer term of knowledge discovery [3, 8]. Individuals gradually conform a broad opinion of data mining functionality to be the equivalent word of KDD. The concept of data mining holds all actions and techniques using the gathered data to get inexplicit information and studying historical records to acquire valuable knowledge. 2.3 Data mining definitions Larose [9] stipulated, data mining refers to the process of discovering meaningful new correlations, patterns and trends by sifting through large amount of data stored in repositories, using pattern recognition technologies as well as statistical and mathematical techniques. Hand et. al.[10] stated Data mining the analysis of (often large ) observational data sets to find unexpected relationship and to summarize the data in novel way that are both understandable and useful to the data owner. Peter et.al.[11] stipulated Data mining is an interdisciplinary field bringing together techniques from machine learning, pattern recognition, statistics, databases, and visualization to address the issues of information extraction from large data bases. The SAS institute (2000) defines data mining as the â€Å"process of selecting, researching and simulating huge amount of data set to reveal antecedent strange data form for business advantage. Data mining refers to as knowledge discovery in dat abases, meaning a process of little extraction of implicit, previously obscure and potentially useful information (such as knowledge rules, regularities, constraints) from data in databases.[12] From the business view, several data mining techniques are used to better realize user conduct, to improve the service provided, and to enhance business opportunities. Whatever the definition, data mining process differs, from statistical analysis of data. First predictive data is controlled by the need to reveal, in a well timed style, rising courses whereas statistical analysis is associated to historical information and established on observed information. Secondly statistical analysis concentrates on findings and explaining the major origin of variation in the data, in contrast, data mining strives to discover, not the apparent sources of variation, but rather the significant, although presently neglected, information. Therefore statistical analysis and data mining are complementary. Sta tistical analysis explains and gets rid of the major part of data variation before data mining is employed. This explains why the data warehousing tool not only stores data but also comprises and performs some statistical analysis programs. As to on-line analysis processing (OLAP) its relationship with data mining can be considered as disassociation.[9,12] OLAP is a data summarization/collection tool that assist modify data analysis, while data mining allows the automated discovery of implicit form and interesting knowledge concealed in large amount of data. OLAP tools are directed toward backing and changing interactive data analysis; while data mining tools is to automate as much of the analysis process as possible. Data mining goes one step beyond OLAP. As noted in the former section, data mining is almost equal to KDD and they have like process. Below are the data mining processes: Human resource identification Problem specification Data prospecting Domain knowledge elicitation Methodology identification Data pre-processing Pattern discovery Knowledge post-processing In stage 1 of data mining process, human resource identification, and the human resource should be required in the plan and their various purpose are identified. In most data mining job the human resources involved are the field experts, the data experts, and the data mining expert. In stage 2 concerned jobs are analyzed and defined. Next, data searching requires in analyzing the available data and selecting the predicting subset of data to mine. The aim of stage 4, field knowledge induction, is to extract the useful knowledge already known about the job from field experts. In stage 5, methodology identification, the most reserve mining prototypes are chosen. In stage 6, data pre-processing is depicted to transform data into the state fit for mining. Pattern discovery stage which includes the computation and knowledge discovery is talked about in section 7. The patterns found in the former stage are filtered to attract the best pattern in the last stage. [8] Fayed et al. (1996), on the other hand suggested the following steps: Recovering the data from large database. Choosing the applicable subset to work with. Resolving on reserve sampling system, cleaning the data and coping with missing domain records. Employing applicable transformations, dimensionality simplification and projections. Equipping models to pre-processed data. The processes of data mining are elaborate and complicated. Many requirements should be observed on the follow of data mining, so challenges of growing data mining application are one of the crucial matters in this field. Below are the listed of challenges growth: Dealing with different types of data. Efficiency and measurability of data mining algorithm. Usefulness, certainty, and quality of data mining results Formula of several forms of data mining results. Synergistic mining knowledge at product abstraction stages. Mining data from different sources of information. Security of privacy and data protection. 2.4 Data mining structure The architecture of a distinctive data mining system may have the following major elements: Database, data warehouse, or other data deposit Database or data warehouse server Knowledge base Data mining engine Pattern rating module Graphical user interface The information sources of a data mining system can be divergent information deposits like database, data warehouse, or other deposits. The database or data warehouse server is responsible for getting the applicable data to accomplish the data mining postulation. Data mining engine is the heart of data mining system. The operational module of data mining algorithms and patterns are maintained in the engine. Knowledge base stores the field knowledge that is used to lead the data mining process, and provides the data that rules evaluation module motives to formalise the results of data mining. If the mining results has passed the establishment step then they will get to user via the graphical user interface, user can interact with the system by the interface. [4, 8, 11] 2.5 Data mining methods and Techniques Various techniques have been suggested for resolving a problem of extracting knowledge from volatile data, each of which follow different algorithm. One of the fields where information plays an important part is that of law enforcement. Obviously, the raising amount of criminal data gives rise to various problem including data storage, data warehousing and data analysis. [11] Data mining methods relate to the function cases that data mining tools provides. The abstract definition of each data mining method and the classification basis always disagree for the ease of explanation, the condition of present situation, or researcher’s scope. Association, classification, prediction, clustering are usually the common methods in different works, while the term description, summarization, sequential rules etc. Might not always be used and named in the first place. If some methods are not named it does not refer these methods are not created because the researcher may allot special term to methods to indicate certain significant characters. Progressive specification and jobs sectors can also be a good ground to consider the terminology. For example â€Å"REGRESSION† is often used to substitute â€Å"PREDICTION† because the major and conventional techniques for prediction are statistical regression. â€Å"Link analysis† can be discussed severally outlying â€Å"association† in telecommunication industry. Table 1.1 shows the method recognised by scholars: Data mining methods comprise techniques which develop from artificial intelligence, statistics, machine learning, OLAP and so on. These most often observed methods are classed into five categories according to their work types in business applications, and the five types of data mining methods are clustering, classification, association, prediction and profiling. Table 1 Data mining classification literatures Sources: This research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data Mining Classification Barry (1997) Prediction, Classification, Estimation, Clustering, Description, Affinity grouping. Han, et al. (1996) Clustering, Association, Classification, Generalization, Similarity search, Path traversal pattern. Fayyed, et (1996) Clustering, Regression, Classification, Summarization, Dependency modelling, Link analysis, Sequence analysis. Association: reveals relationship or dependence between multiple things, such as Link analysis, market basket analysis, and variable dependency. Association is in two levels: quantitative and structured. The structural level of the method assigns (often in graphical form) which things are associated; the quantitative level assigns the strength of the relationship using some numerical scale. Market basket analysis is a well recognized association application; it can be executed on a retail data of customer deal to find out what item are often purchased together (also known as item sets). Apriori is a basic algorithm for finding frequent item sets. The denotation of apriori can further deal with multi-level, multi-dimensional and more composite data structure. [7] Classification: function (or classifies) a data detail into one of several set of categorical classes. Neural network, Decision tree, and some probability advances are often used to execute this function. There are two steps to carry out classification work. In the first step, classification model is form describing a predetermined set up of classes or concepts. Second step the model is used for categorization. For example, the classification learned in the first step from the analysis of data from existing customers can be used to predict the credit evaluation of new or future customers. Prediction: admits regression and part of time series analysis. Prediction can be regarded as the structure and use of a model to evaluate the value or value ranges of a property that a given sample is probably to have. This method functions a data item to a real-value prediction variable, and the goal of time series analysis is to model the state of the process generating the sequence or to extract and study deviation and style over time. In our opinion, the major deviation between prediction and classification is that prediction processes with continuous values while classification centres on judgements. Clustering: functions a data item into one of various categorical classes (or clusters) in which the categories must be determined from the data different assortments in which the classes are determine. Clusters are defined by determinations of natural grouping of data detail based on similarities metrics or probability density models, and the procedure to form these groups is named as unsupervised learning to distinguish from supervised learning of classification. Data mining techniques and methods render capable extraction of concealed predictive data from huge datasets or databases. It is a very powerful new technology with great potency to assist institutions concentrate on the important information in their database and data warehouse. Data mining instruments forecast future behaviours and trends, allowing businesses to make active, knowledge aimed decision. The automated, potential analyses proposed by data mining go beyond the analyses of previous issues provided by retrospective instruments typically for decision support systems. [2, 4, 12] Data mining instruments can respond to business question that traditionally were times consuming to conclude. They examine databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectation. Most institutions already collect and refine large quantities of data. Data mining methods and techniques can be carried out quickly on existing hardware and software program to raise the scope of the existing information resources, and can be merged with new systems and products as they are brought on-line. When enforced on high performance client/server or parallel processing computers, data mining instrument can analyze huge databases to present answers to questions such as, which clients are most likely to answer my next promotional mailing, and why?[10, 12] Recent progress in data collection, storage and manipulation instruments such as extraordinary storage and computational capability, use of the internet, modern surveillance equipments etc, have widen the range and limit for the same. Moreover, the increasing dependence on high technology equipment for common man has facilitated the process of data collection. [13] The data might be in the direct form or may not be in the direct form and might need some interpretation based on former knowledge, experience and most importantly is determined by purpose of data analyses. This job is further augmented by sheer intensity, texture of data and lack of human capabilities to deduce it in ways it is supposed to be. For this reason many computational instruments are used and are broadly named as Data mining tools. [10] Data mining tools constitutes of basic statistics and Regression methods, Decision trees, ANOVA and rule based techniques and more importantly advanced algorithm that uses neural networks and Artificial Intelligence techniques. The applications of data mining tools are limitless and basically aimed by cost, time constraints, and current demand of the community, business and the government. [14] 2.6 Data mining modelling Data mining modelling is the critical part in developing business applications. Business application, such as â€Å"cross selling†, will be turn into one or more of business problems, and the goal of modelling is to formulate these business problems as a data mining task. For example, in cross selling application, the association in the product area is determine, and then customers will be classified into several clusters to see which product mix can be matched to what customers. To know which data mining task is most suitable for current problem, the analysis and understanding of data mining task’s characters and steps is needed. Data mining algorithm consists largely of some specific mix of three components. The model: There are two relevant factors: the function of the model (e.g., clustering and classification) and the representational form of the model (e.g., a linear function of multiple variables and a Gaussian probability density function). A model contains parameters that are to be determined from the data. The preference criterion: A basis preference of one model or set of parameters over another, depending on given data. The criterion is usually some form of goodness-of-fit function of the model to the data, perhaps tempered by a smoothing term to avoid over fitting, or generating a model with too many degrees of freedom to be constrained by the given data. The search algorithm: The specification of an algorithm for finding particular models and parameters, given data, a model (or family of models), and a preference criterion. The choice of what data mining techniques to apply at a given point in the knowledge discovery processes depends on the particular data mining task to be accomplished and on the data available for analysis. The requirement of the task dedicate to the function f data mining, and the detailed characteristics of the tasks influence the feasibility between mining methods and business problems. The so called detail characteristic includes data types, parameter varieties, hybrid approaches and so on.   Slightly difference in the model will cause enormous performance change, so modelling stage effects the quality of data mining tools heavily. REFERENCE [1] T. Abraham and O. de Vel, Investigative profiling with computer forensic log data and association rules, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM02), pp. 11 – 18,2006. [2] D.E. Brown, The regional crime analysis program (RECAP): A frame work for mining data to catch criminals, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,Vol. 3, pp. 2848-2853, 1998. [3] J.S. de Bruin, T.K. Cocx, W.A. Kosters, J. Laros and J.N. Kok, â€Å"Data mining approaches to criminal career analysis,† in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM’06), pp.171-177, 2006. [4] J. Han and M. 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